Posts in category: Blog

⚡ Introduction 

An electric vehicle (EV) is a car that runs entirely or primarily on electricity. EVs can be found in automobiles, trains, trams, boats, and even airplanes. EVs were first popularized during the Second Industrial Revolution in the late 19th century due to their user-friendliness and silence. But their broad usage was hindered by their limited battery storage, and the 20th century was dominated by internal combustion engines. Electric propulsion was nevertheless widely used in trains and public transportation in spite of this. Significant developments in motors, batteries, and electronics allowed for the start of mass production of plug-in hybrids and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in the late 2000s. By the 2010s, EVs were more economical and useful. Many nations provide incentives to encourage the use of electric vehicles (EVs), which are now a crucial component of sustainable transportation. 

Figure: Image 1 

⚙️ How Does an Electric Vehicle (EV) Work? 

An electric vehicle (EV) is powered by a huge battery pack and an electric motor rather than a traditional internal combustion engine. These batteries, often lithium-ion, store the electrical energy that drives the car’s motor. An EV may have one or more battery units, depending on the model. 

An electric vehicle (EV) is propelled by an electric motor powered by a massive battery pack rather than a conventional internal combustion engine. These batteries, which are often lithium-ion, store the electrical energy that drives the motor and moves the vehicle forward. Depending on the model, an electric vehicle may have one or more battery units.

Figure: Image 2 

An integral part of electric vehicles is regenerative braking. When a driver applies the brake or depresses the accelerator, the car’s kinetic energy is converted back into electrical energy. It then returns this energy to the battery to improve driving efficiency and range. 

 Main Components of an Electric Vehicle (EV) 

An electric vehicle (EV) is constructed from a number of fundamental parts that cooperate to guarantee safe operation, energy efficiency, and seamless performance. In order to supply power, control energy flow, and enhance the overall driving experience, each component is essential. Anyone hoping to work in the expanding EV business, including technicians and students, must comprehend these essential elements. 

Battery Pack: The primary energy storage device is a battery pack, which is made up of several separate battery cells (often lithium-ion) coupled to one another to supply the necessary voltage and

capacity to run the car’s electric motor. The entire battery pack is made up of these cells, which are frequently arranged into modules and enclosed in a protective shell. 

Figure: Image 3 

Electric Motor: Electric motors provide the force that propels the wheels by converting electrical energy into mechanical energy. In essence, they take the place of the internal combustion engine present in conventional gasoline-powered automobiles as the EV’s engine. The rotational force required to move the vehicle is produced by these motors using electrical power from the battery pack.

Figure: Image 4

Inverter: The inverter is a crucial electrical component that transforms battery-derived direct current (DC) power into alternating current (AC) power, which powers the electric motor. It also converts AC power back into DC to replenish the battery, which is essential for regenerative braking. 

Figure: Image 5 

Charging Port: The actual connecting point that enables the car to get electricity from an outside power source to replenish its battery is called the charging port. In essence, it’s the “plug-in” location where the automobile and charging cable from a station are connected.

Figure: Image 6                                            Figure: Image 7

Thermal Management System: In order to maintain optimum performance, efficiency, and longevity, an electric vehicle’s (EV) Thermal Management System (TMS) regulates the temperature of multiple parts, including the battery, motor, and power electronics. To keep passengers comfortable, it also cooperates with the cabin climate control system. 

Figure: Image 8 

Transmission (Single-speed): Unlike conventional automobiles, which have several gears, electric vehicles (EVs) only have a single gear ratio between the electric motor and the wheels when they have a single-speed transmission. This has several benefits and streamlines the drivetrain. 

Figure: Image 9

Regenerative Braking System: The kinetic energy that is often lost during braking is captured and repurposed by this device. Regenerative braking uses the electric motor as a generator to transform the vehicle’s motion into electricity, which is then returned to the battery for future use, as opposed to standard brakes that use friction to turn this energy into heat. This procedure can increase the EV’s driving range and improve overall efficiency.

Figure: Image 10 

Opportunities for Diploma Students: As the global and Bangladeshi transportation industries transition to electric mobility, the demand for trained EV technicians and professionals grows significantly. Those with diplomas in mechanical, electrical, electronic, and automotive engineering are well-positioned to benefit from this expanding industry. A few noteworthy industries are as follows: 

• EV Technician / Service Engineer: Working with electric vehicles, motors, and batteries, an EV technician or service engineer performs diagnostics, repairs, and maintenance. ● Battery Technician: Manage Battery Management Systems (BMS) and assemble and repair lithium-ion batteries.
• EV Conversion Specialist: Transform gasoline and diesel cars into electric ones. This is a rapidly expanding industry.
• Employment Opportunities Abroad: Diploma EV technicians are being sought after by nations like as Japan, Korea, the Middle East, and Europe.
• Higher Education: Possibilities in Renewable Energy, EV Technology, or EV certifications (e.g., Tesla, Bosch).
• Jobs in EV Manufacturing Plants: Positions in Tesla, Tata, Walton, Runner, and other companies that involve assembly, quality control, and wiring

Conclusion 

Electric cars, or EVs, are a revolution in motion as the world moves toward a cleaner, smarter future. This change gives diploma students access to fascinating, in-demand jobs that combine creativity, sustainability, and technology, particularly in the automotive, electrical, and mechanical engineering sectors. Your path in this field can drive significant change, from creating and sustaining EVs to making the world a greener place. 

Therefore, sharpen your talents, maintain your curiosity, and prepare to be a part of the transportation of the future since the possibilities in the field of electric vehicles are endless. 

✍️ Written By Md. Mahamud Hasan 

Jr. Instructor Automobile 

Daffodil Institute of Engineering and Technology

What are THREATS? 

Threats are potential dangers waiting to happen at any time. Here are some threats we are going to know about:

Insider Threats 

An employee who is inside the organization accidentally or intentionally shares a confidential report via personal email. 

Why it matters: Insiders know the system best and even innocent mistakes can cost millions. Unsecured Wi-Fi Networks 

You connect to “Free WIFI” at a public place and unknowingly share your login details with a hacker sitting nearby. Public networks often host keyloggers ready to steal your passwords. 

Fix: Always use VPNs on public Wi-Fi. Install antivirus systems that prevent users from disabling protection. 

Lost or Stolen Devices  

Anyone losing their devices which contain their personal details may cause personal data licking. 

Fix: Enable remote wipe and password protection on all devices.

Weak Passwords 

Using a weak password can give the hacker an opportunity if he knows your personal details like birth year/date, full name, parents name. 

Fix: Use complex passwords or a password manager. Never Use your name or family name as a password. 

Lack of Software Updates 

Updating your Operating system is a Must. If you delay Windows update it will include a critical patch. 

Fix: Always update software — it’s your digital vaccine. 

Social Engineering 

A “tech support agent” calls asking for your password or any OTP number or gives you a link to tap and you trust them and give it away. 

“NEVER TRUST THESE SCAMS”. 

Fix: Never share credentials unless you’re 100% sure. 

Phishing Emails 

One click on a bad link = total compromise. 

If you ever get an email saying, “Your Amazon order failed – click here.” You click on the link. Fix: Think before you click. Hover over links to check the real URL. 

Web Server Compromise 

Poorly coded websites are vulnerable to SQL injection attacks 

Solution: Regularly audit your web apps for secure input validation. 

Cyber Attacks 

What is Cyber Attack ? 

Actual Action taken to harm or Steal in the cyber world. 

Phishing Attack 

In this attack a person gets a link to a bank statement or a fake email asking to “verify your account.” You enter your password and it’s stolen. 

Real Case: In 2016, a phishing scam fooled John Podesta, Hillary Clinton’s campaign chair. Brute Force Attack 

In this attack hackers use software to guess your password millions of times until they get it right. Attackers use scripts or specialized software or Bot to continuously break through your password. Fix: Use long and random passwords.

Ransomware 

In this attack the hacker encrypts all your files and demands payment to unlock them. Real Case: The 2017 WannaCry attack hit hospitals and companies worldwide. 

Man-in-the-Middle Attack 

When a malicious actor intercepts, relays, or modifies the communication between two parties that think they are speaking with each other directly, it is known as a Man-in-the-Middle (MITM).Any institution or banks information can be achieved by the man in the middle person who is using any network devices to access the data. 

Real Case: Super fish, an adware program that pre-installed on some Lenovo computers, served as an MITM proxy. 

DNS Spoofing 

You think you’re logging into Facebook, but the website was hijacked to steal your password. Fix: Always check the URL and use DNS security tools. 

As The Threats and cyber attacks are increasing in an alarming rate therefore some steps need to be implemented to ensure the security of your personal device : 

• Firewalls 

By Monitoring and filtering the traffic from the websites. Use packet-filtering or proxy firewalls for different layers of protection. 

• Antivirus Systems 

The software needs to be updated frequently and some encrypted or zipped files may not be identified in the scanning process . So use Behavior based scanning too. 

• Systems for detecting intrusions (IDS) 

These keep an eye on traffic for indications of signature-based or anomaly-based intrusion detection systems. For better coverage, use both host-based and network-based intrusion detection systems. 

• Encryption 

Use symmetric or asymmetric encryption to secure sensitive communication and storage. 

• Cryptography Techniques 

Secure sensitive data storage and communication by using symmetric or asymmetric encryption.

Figure: The Survival Guide(generated from ChatGPT) 

Don’t wait for an attack. Stay alert. Stay protected.

References 

1)Khan, R., & Hasan, M. (2017). NETWORK THREATS, ATTACKS AND SECURITY MEASURES: A REVIEW. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science, 8(8). 

2) Fortinet Cyber Glossary: What Is a Brute Force Attack?

 Written by Romona Magdalene Sarkar

Instructor, Computer Science Department 

Daffodil Institute of Engineering & Technology

Introduction 

Autonomous driving, electrified vehicles, and smart mobility are driving a fundamental shift in automotive engineering. Traditional concepts about automotive design and manufacture are being reinterpreted, bringing with them intriguing new possibilities and challenges. This quick change is a critical opportunity for diploma students to adjust, improve their skills, and remain prepared for the future. It is now necessary to comprehend intelligent vehicle integration, sustainable systems, and developing technology. In addition to reshaping the sector, these developments will also reinterpret the competencies and career pathways required for success. 

As a student, you should start preparing for the future of automotive engineering today. 

 The Rise of Electric Vehicles (EVs) 

Global sales of electric vehicles (EVs) are rising quickly due to several factors, including a wider range of models, longer driving ranges, and pro-EV government regulations. In 2023, there are around 14 million new EV registrations worldwide, boosting the total to 40 million. This is over six times what it was in 2018 and an increase of 35% from 2022. Electric vehicles (EVs) accounted for 18% of new car sales in 2023, up from 14% in 2022 and only 2% in 2018. The International Energy Agency (IEA) reports that in 2024, more than 250,000 EVs were registered weekly, exceeding the total number of EVs registered in 2013. About 4% of all passenger cars worldwide are electric vehicles (EVs), more than three times as many as in 2021. 

Government incentives such as tax cuts and subsidies, rapid breakthroughs in battery technology, an expanded selection of models, notably in SUVs, and falling battery costs are all major drivers of this expansion. Concerns about the environment are also making consumers choose cleaner options. However, issues including high upfront costs, range anxiety, and inadequate charging infrastructure still exist, particularly in developing countries. It is anticipated that EV adoption will continue to increase in spite of these obstacles. EVs may account for about one-fifth of all passenger car sales by 2035, indicating a significant shift toward environmentally friendly modes of mobility. 

 Autonomous & Self-Driving Cars 

Cars that have been equipped with advanced technology that allows them to navigate and operate with little to no human assistance are known as autonomous or self-driving cars. These vehicles sense their surroundings and form opinions using sensors, cameras, radar, and artificial intelligence. The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) defines six levels of

automation, ranging from total automation that does away with the requirement for human input to no automation at all, notwithstanding the widespread confusion between the terms. 

Key Foundational Concepts You Must Grasp for Deeper Understanding: 

• On-Board Diagnostics (OBD-II) Systems: A car’s capacity to self-diagnose and notify faults while monitoring various systems and parts for difficulties, especially those related to emissions. In addition to storing diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs), it also notifies drivers to aid in troubleshooting and repairs. 
• LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging): The remote sensing technique known as LiDAR, or Light Detection and Ranging, uses laser light to measure distances and produce intricate three-dimensional maps of the surroundings. Laser light pulses are emitted, and the time it takes for the light to return after reflecting off of objects is measured. The production of extremely accurate 3D representations is made possible by the precise distance computations made possible by this time-of-flight measurement. 
• Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging): Radar, also known as radio detection and ranging, is a sensor technology utilized in cars that uses radio waves to determine and measure the direction, speed, and distance of objects surrounding the vehicle. Advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving systems rely on it to improve safety and make features like adaptive cruise control, automated emergency braking, and blind-spot monitoring possible.
• Cameras: Cameras in automobile sensors mainly supply visual information to support convenience and safety functions like collision avoidance, lane departure warnings, and parking assistance. They serve as the vehicle’s “eyes,” taking pictures that the computer processes to recognize objects, road signs, and other pertinent data.
• Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS): A range of sensors are used by Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) to improve driving comfort and vehicle safety. These sensors, which continuously scan the area around the cars and transmit data to the computer in real time, include lidar, radar, and cameras. The driver is then warned of any dangers using this knowledge, or it may even automatically step in to stop collisions.

 Sustainable & Eco-Friendly Designs 

The automotive industry is quickly embracing greener technologies in response to the growing worldwide awareness of climate change, air pollution, and resource conservation. Governments around the world are enforcing stricter emissions laws, and consumers are calling for more environmentally friendly automobiles. This has prompted automakers to put sustainability first by utilizing cutting-edge materials and increasing vehicle economy to lower carbon emissions.

1. Materials Science: Revolutionizing Vehicle Weight and Sustainability ● Carbon Fiber: Although carbon fiber composites are up to 70% lighter than steel, they are incredibly robust. Because less energy is required to move the car, this weight reduction directly increases EV range and fuel efficiency. Even though it costs more, carbon fiber is being utilized more and more in luxury and high-performance vehicles, and new developments are trying to lower production costs so that it can be used more widely. 

• Aluminum: Another lightweight material that is frequently utilized for wheels, engine components, and car bodywork is aluminum. Aluminum is very recyclable and has good corrosion resistance; recycling aluminum uses only 5% of the energy needed to make it from raw ore. Vehicle weight can be decreased by 10–30% with lightweight aluminum components, which results in significant fuel savings and less pollutants. 
• Bioplastics: Bioplastics, which are made from renewable resources like maize starch or sugarcane, are progressively taking the place of conventional plastics derived from petroleum in car trims, interiors, and under-the-hood components. Because these materials decompose more readily and lessen reliance on fossil fuels, they promote the circular economy in the production of automobiles. 

2. Fuel Efficiency, Aerodynamics, and Emission Control Systems ● Fuel Efficiency: Increasing engine efficiency is essential, even beyond using lightweight components. Engines can burn fuel more effectively and cleanly because to technologies like cylinder deactivation, variable valve timing, and direct fuel injection. Continuously variable transmissions (CVTs) optimize power delivery in the meantime to reduce waste. 

• Aerodynamics: At higher speeds, fuel consumption is greatly impacted by air resistance or drag, which is directly impacted by vehicle shape. Drag coefficients can be decreased by up to 10-15% by designing smoother, more streamlined bodywork with features like active grille shutters, underbody panels, and rear spoilers. This improves efficiency without sacrificing performance. 
• Emission Control Systems: To significantly reduce pollutants, including nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter, modern cars employ selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems, diesel particle filters, and sophisticated catalytic converters. Cleaner exhaust emissions are ensured by these systems’ compliance with strict international requirements like EPA Tier 3 and Euro 6. 

3. Hybrid Systems: Bridging Internal Combustion and Electric Power In order to maximize energy efficiency, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) integrate electric motors and battery packs with conventional internal combustion engines. Among the main benefits are: 

• Better Fuel Economy: Regenerative braking increases overall efficiency by recovering energy that is typically lost during braking and storing it in the battery for later use.
• Decreased Emissions: By enabling the engine to run in its most economical range or to totally shut off during stops and low-speed driving, hybrid systems reduce tailpipe emissions. 
• Transition Technology: Without totally depending on charging infrastructure, hybrids offer many users reduced emissions and fuel savings, making them a useful first step toward complete electrification. 

Plug-in hybrids (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have been made possible by the commercial success of popular hybrid models from manufacturers like as Toyota (Prius), Honda (Insight), and Ford (Fusion Hybrid). 

 New Career Opportunities Are Emerging 

A smart, networked machine, the modern car is driven as much by data and software as by energy or fuel. Engineering and digital technology are being combined to create new employment possibilities as the industry moves toward electrified and driverless automobiles. 

• Career Paths to Consider: An Engineer in EV Design and Maintenance focuses on battery packs, high-voltage safety, and electric drivetrain technologies. Requires familiarity with heat management, battery chemistry, and diagnostics unique to EVs. 
• Automotive software developers: create embedded systems for ADAS, engine control, and entertainment. MATLAB, AUTOSAR, C/C++, and real-time operating systems are all interchangeable. 
• Telematics Engineer: Concentrates on Internet of Things technologies and vehicle connectivity. enhances real-time monitoring and vehicle tracking by concentrating on data transmission, GPS integration, and remote diagnostics platforms. 

️ What Students Should Start Doing Today 

Diploma students need to embrace experiential learning and industry understanding in addition to textbooks in order to remain competitive in the rapidly changing automotive industry of today. A mix of technical and digital skills is required for the shift to connected, driverless, and electrified vehicles. 

✅ Useful Advice for Professional Development: 

• Enroll in Online Courses: Courses on EV systems, automotive sensors, embedded systems, and software like MATLAB and CAN communication are available on platforms such as Coursera, Udemy, and NPTEL.
• Participate in Clubs and Competitions: To obtain practical experience, join car clubs, robotics teams, or contests such as Auto Mania, Formula Student, or Go-Kart design challenges. 
• Keep up with Industry Trends: Read blogs from Tesla, Bosch, and Mahindra Electric, as well as LinkedIn and YouTube videos (such as Engineering Explained and Fully Charged Show). 
• Master Tools of the Trade: Acquire knowledge of simulation and diagnostic tools like OBD-II scanners for fault diagnostics, ANSYS (stress testing), MATLAB (control systems), and SolidWorks (3D design). 

Conclusion 

The automobile industry is no longer just about engines and gears—it’s now driven by energy, intelligence, sustainability, and innovation. For diploma students, success in this evolving field depends not only on core mechanical knowledge but also on adaptability and a willingness to learn emerging technologies like EVs, automation, and smart mobility. You have a golden opportunity to shape the future of transportation—not just to build vehicles, but to engineer the next generation of clean, connected, and intelligent mobility solutions. 

Start today: go beyond your syllabus, follow industry innovations, and never stop upgrading your skills. The future is bright, sustainable, and full of opportunities, so prepare yourself, maintain your curiosity, and confidently advance your profession. 

✍️ Written By Md. Mahamud Hasan 

Jr. Instructor Automobile 

Daffodil Institute of Engineering and Technology

Future Introduction 

Clean and sustainable energy is more important than ever in a world where environmental  deterioration, climate change, and growing energy demands are all present. Coal, oil, and natural  gas are examples of traditional fossil fuels that are finite, polluting, and insufficient to sustain  long-term global development. This is where the focus shifts to renewable energy. Renewable  energy sources, as opposed to fossil fuels, are environmentally benign, naturally replenished, and  the path to a sustainable energy future. Developing a solid grasp of renewable energy is not only  crucial for diploma engineers intellectually, but also for their future careers as specialists capable  of spearheading the shift to more environmentally friendly power systems. 

Renewable Energy 

Renewable energy is a naturally occurring energy source that may be constantly utilized. There  are no restrictions on the creation, acquisition, or renewal of this energy source. In actuality,  humanity can now create renewable energy and transform it into alternative energy thanks to  advancements in technology. 

Figure 1: Renewable Energy Sources 

Hydroelectric power, which incorporates wave and tidal energy, wind power, solar power, and  bioenergy which is made from organic materials known as biomass are examples of renewable  energy sources.

Some Renewable Energy 

☀️Solar Energy 

Nearly all-naturalsystems are powered by solar energy, which is the Sun’s light and heat radiation  emitted as an endless space giant and radiating out into space to arrive on Earth. Solar energy is  free and flowing constantly, in contrast to fossil fuels sequestered beneath the earth. Thus,  satellites, roofs, and deserts can be live power plants as well. It is the most dependable and the  oldest renewable source of energy. It drives the weather, softly triggers photosynthesis, and now  energizes human civilization through solar thermal installations and photovoltaic panels. Solar  power is clean, renewable, and abundant, a valuable energy source that is at the center of the  sustainable transition of the world. It is recasting a star’s continuous burning fire into an energy  source for human advancement, and it is more than mere electricity from the sun. 

Figure: 2- Solar Power Plant 

Wind Energy 

Wind power is a renewable energy source that is produced by harnessing the kinetic energy of  the wind using wind turbines, which convert it into electricity. When the wind rotates the blades  of the turbine, an internal generator creates clean, renewable electricity without the release of  greenhouse gases. Wind power is plentiful, affordable, and is an important factor in decreasing  the use of fossil fuels. Wind power is an important element in the worldwide shift to a cleaner 

future, from huge wind farms in open landscapes and coastlines to small turbines in rural  locations. 

Figure 3: A wind power plant in Kutubdia 

Hydropower Energy  

Figure 4: Hydropower plant 

Water is collected or impounded at a higher level and then directed downward via penstocks,  which are enormous pipes or tunnels, to a lower level in order to generate hydroelectric power. 

The head represents the height difference between the two places. After traveling to the end of  its path through the pipes, the falling water causes the turbines to rotate. The turbines, in turn,  power generators, which enable the transformation of mechanical energy generated by the  turbines into electrical energy. After this transformation, the use of transformers raises the  generated alternating voltage to a level that is appropriate for long-distance transmission. The  structure housing the turbines and generators, and into which the penstocks feed water, is called  the powerhouse. 

Biomass Energy 

Biomass energy is the sun’s energy locked in Earth’s organic matter plants, trees, crop waste, and  everyday trash converted into a renewable energy. It is nature’s subtle recycling process, yielding  energy through the carbon cycle that has sustained life for millions of years. As leaves fall, crops  grow, and organisms break down, the planet stockpiles this biological wealth, ready to be  reformed as heat, electricity, or fuel. Unlike fossil fuels stored underground for long periods of  time, biomass comes from the Earth’s surface and is constantly replenished by living organisms.  It fuels home heating,  

Figure 5: Biomass Cycle 

powers engines with biofuels, and generates electricity from what is often otherwise viewed as  waste. Spanning the range from household kitchens to industrial complexes, biomass is a bridge  between ecosystems and human necessities. As civilization seeks more sustainable alternatives,  biomass energy offers a viable answer that is both renewable and reliable, inextricably bound to  nature’s cycles of life. It is more than just energy from plants; it is the planet’s dynamic life force,  redirected to generate progress.

Why Renewable Energy Matters 

Opportunities for Diploma Engineers 

Design & Installation of Solar PV Systems 

Maintenance of Wind Turbines 

Bioenergy Projects in Rural Development 

Technical roles in renewable energy companies, NGOs, and government initiatives Further studies in Energy Engineering or Green Technology 

The demand for qualified technicians is considerable due to the global expansion in the  renewable energy sector. 

Final Thoughts 

Renewable energy isn’t merely an alternative it’s the cornerstone of a sustainable tomorrow. As  the world grapples with environmental and energy crises, tapping the clean, boundless energy of  the sun, wind, water, and organic matter provides genuine answers. By transitioning to  renewables, we can cut pollution, preserve our ecosystems, and create a greener economy. The  path has already started, but there’s still plenty to accomplish. Whether through rooftop solar  arrays, community wind farms, or greener policies, every action makes a difference. Together,  we can forge a future where energy is not just powerful — but peaceful, sustainable, and in  balance with nature. 

Written by Mohammad Soheb 

Instructor, Electrical Department 

Daffodil Institute of Engineering & Technology